Be a Socialist Modernism, Brutalism, and World War 2 history fanboy like I am. Be in Kyiv during wintertime, and with only 3 hours to spare. What would you do, and where would you even begin?

As the chilling wind numbed my face on that cold February morning, I accepted that Kyiv was no small town by any measure. Arriving earlier that week, I found it to be a gritty, and often overwhelming modern metropolis that would undoubtedly keep challenging me. There’s nothing more attractive than a city full of opportunities to push boundaries and ask questions, and Kyiv seemed to have it all.

It made perfect sense to invest most of my winter’s daylight inside the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, of course : that was the plan. The overarching purpose of my trip to the Ukraine was to experience the abandoned magnificence of Pripyat. My visit to the irradiated ghost town was a humbling experience : it’s a testament to man’s occasional failure to command nature. But Kyiv, which I’d mostly seen through fogged car windows and the sine-qua-non short stroll down the nearest pub up to that time, hadn’t ceased beckoning to me from the background. So I thought that I’d never forgive myself if I’d miss out on an opportunity to record its extraordinary architecture, and perhaps get a cursory glimpse of its complex past and present along the way.

Logjam? Jetsam

The trouble is, that I have neither time, nor energy left at the point where I commit to rush through Kyiv. I’d already spent an incredible 4 days in the Exclusion Zone, ploughing through deep, knee high snow and dodging radiation hot spots. I’d endured freezing temperatures, scaled rusty Soviet radars, and explored crumbling factories and high rises. I’d been shovelling our snow-trapped minibus free in the woods somewhere, while wild dogs ravaged the carcass of a deer by the roadside (that’s what I call a Roadside Picnic). I’d been practising my Slavic squat in my tracksuit, and been drinking more moonshine vodka than prudent for my old sack of bones. So my body had been screaming for a rest on the long way back to Kyiv, but I wasn’t prepared to make an excuse yet : despite having to catch an early afternoon flight next day, I remained determined to see as much of Kyiv as I could squeeze into what little time I had left.

So I had to grit up, and rise early to make the most of it. It’s now 06.30 in the morning as I venture outside. The fog is thick, the temperature is sub zero, my body is aching, and as the cold wind hits me, I’m questioning my sanity. A few nights before, I found myself trapped for over an hour inside a cab, stuck in one of Kyiv’s frequent gridlocks : a contingent of angry young men in military fatigues, brandishing torches and black flags had blocked the entire downtown, marching the streets in protest. Helplessly stuck in traffic, I had plenty of time to ponder the many complexities of Kyiv : An entire city unable to commute. An entire nation unable to move on. Stuck in a post-Soviet impasse, the enduring clash between Ukraine’s European aspirations and its many dependencies with Russia has had the country grinding to a halt. Caught in the political crossfire of a simmering state of war, many Ukrainians choose to escape via the obvious side streets : call it ultra-nationalism, call it even worse. But who but the luckiest ever got home faster by venturing into the side streets in a standstill? One of us decides to get out  of the taxi and walk. He’ll probably make it home before the rest of us. The smart, decisive minority – its always there. I’m hoping there’s one for Ukraine too.

But that was that day. Today its Sunday, a great day for beating traffic. Time is flying : I pop my jacket’s collar, grit my teeth and get on with it.

Priorities

When rushing a city, it’s important to get one’s priorities right. I knew I wouldn’t be able to see everything I wanted, or linger anywhere for too long either, so starting location matters. And I was lucky to have been repairing at hotel Salyut the night before : it’s a perfect place to start, close to many places of interest. But more importantly, the Salyut itself is an agreeable Socialist Modernist marvel, and a well regarded landmark in its own right. It was built in 1984 by the late Avram Miletsky. He is the most celebrated son of Kyiv when it comes to Socialist Modernist architecture, and it’s incredibly easy to scratch that itch by simply staying the night there. I am standing outside it now, the streets are empty, its dark, foggy and bitterly cold. But it’s definitely worth it : there’s not a living soul around, and here I am, enjoying an exclusive, unobstructed view of Salyut’s modernist majesty as my reward. As it is often the case with visionary architecture, the original, unrealised design was supposed to be a sky scraping 3 times taller, but funding problems and political bickering meant that the resulting building eventually fell short of Miletsky’s original ambition. A thought comes to mind : our cities would look much different if architects ruled the world. Regardless, I decide that I have only love for this wonderful modernist pineapple.

Literally next to it, Avram Miletsky does it again (with E. Bilsky) : The 1964 Palace of Pioneers is another Socialist Modernist gem within reach. The Palace was a place for learning and creative pastime, and consequently also a centre for the indoctrination of Soviet youth to communist ideals. These ideals had been transliterated to its internal and external architectural language, through Socialist Realist murals, and Futurist spaces and flourishes. Today, the Palace is retaining this educational character as Kyiv’s Palace of Children and Youth. But despite the sensibility of utilising the space according to its original function, an unfortunate clash with Ukraine’s new character persists. Many of the activities on offer are quite similar to those one would find in a Young Pioneer programme : Science, Arts, and the great outdoors. And for some, this continuity appears subversive for Ukraine’s extreme anti-Soviet posture. I’ve heard that the government is determined to further alter its utilisation, and is seeking to turn it into a business or conference centre. Blood has already been drawn : its magnificent exterior terrace has been inexcusably demolished in the 2000’s. This kind of forcible interrupt with the past is a common manifestation of the post-Soviet conundrum of Eastern European democracies. Buildings perceived as carrying a stigma are being alienated, often maimed, rather than given a chance to assimilate. Could they ever commit to enhance architectural function and memory in a constructive way, rather than seeking to disrupt it? Or is that still a bridge too far?

 

Eternal Glory

I have to make the hard choice to move on and postpone the Palace visit for another time, not least because its daybreak, and it’ll be another 2 hours before it even opens. But just across the road from Salyut and the former Palace of Pioneers, one can find the entrance to the Park of Eternal Glory. The Memorial Park was dedicated to the victory over the Nazis during World War 2 during the late 50’s, although a memorial space existed here since 1894. Today, its imposing 26 m. obelisk is approached through a path lined with the graves of 34 Heroes of the Soviet Union. The Eternal Flame honouring the Unknown Soldier at the base of the obelisk was reportedly lit at its inauguration in 1957 with light brought in from the Eternal Flame at the Mamaev Kurgan Monument in Stalingrad.

The adoptive Soviet narrative here has so far eluded the effects of Ukraine’s strict Decommunization laws, since all World War 2 related monuments fall short of its scope. It is after all, a monument commemorating the struggle of Ukrainians against invaders, but it’s also very much a Red Army memorial. It’s a space that divides public opinion in Kyiv, and I am undecided as to how to approach it. In a spur of the moment, I ask Marina to pose in front of it for a photo. She rather instinctively snaps in attention – she’s a Finn after all, and has little appreciation for anything Soviet. But this is a monument that commands attention. My favourite quote from the Band of Brothers comes to mind : It’s the moment when Major Dick Winters crosses paths with his former nemesis, Captain Herbert Sobel. Sobel used to be his superior during training, but his harsh and vindictive command style came to be despised by his subordinates, who almost turn mutinous, leading to his eventual transfer to a non-combat role. Winters will go on to excel in the field, and his command ability earns him the rank of Major. As their paths cross again after several months, Sobel recognises him and quickly turns his head away as he walks past. But Winters calls him out : “Captain Sobel? We salute the rank, not the man”. They then proceed to begrudgingly salute each other, the elementary conduct among men in uniform. I think to myself that when it comes to military monuments we could be permitted to be drawn to their scope within a particular historic context, without necessarily succumbing to the intentions of those they commemorate. This may require a certain latitude, however, which is often lost in the way most of us translate their message through our own set of values and principles. I do not intend to appear an apologist here : but I see military monuments being about how men die, not why. I choose to choose my questions thoughtfully.

 

Holodomor

In recent years, the Memorial Park has been expanded beyond the Eternal Glory obelisk to include the monument to the Great Famine of 1932-33. Known as the Holodomor, the terrible famine was the result of the repression and aggressive economic policies that characterised the Stalin era. This resulted to a catastrophic loss of life : millions of Ukrainians starved to death, marking one of the darkest pages in the history of the country. It is a desperate, haunting space, heavy with symbolism : 24 millstones, representing the 24.000 souls that perished daily during the famine. The skeletal statue of a young girl holding a handful of wheat straws. The two weeping Angels of Sorrow at the entrance. A barrow-like underground Hall of Memory listing the names of 14.000 villages affected by the famine. And the centrepiece of the monument, the Candle of Memory – a 30 meter high tower, whose bells chime eerily along with the sound of ghostly voices as you approach it.  The towering Candle is a few meters taller than the Obelisk, ostensibly presiding over it. I find this to be a satisfying clue about the hierarchy of importance between these monuments.

This is an overwhelming location. This is where I feel compelled to ask why. For me, memorials to men, women and children as victims of ideology evoke the most powerful of emotions. I see these as spaces enabling us to pass judgement, and I find it meaningful to erect this counter-memorial to those who suffered as a result of Soviet callousness, so close to another seen to exalt Soviet military prowess. It is such contrast that stimulates thought and provides us with critical responses to events through a visual narrative. In my mind this approach is superior to re-purposing monuments, and definitely better than destroying these while attempting to relate a historic account.

The Mother of Ukraine

But the clock is ticking, and I have to keep pushing on towards the prize asset : it’s the astonishing Motherland monument, standing atop the Museum of the History of Ukraine during World War 2. This is surely the pièce de résistance when it comes to monumental architecture in Kyiv. But between the Holodomor monument and the Mother, one encounters the sprawling religious complex of Pechersk Lavra, with its golden domed cathedrals and monasteries. An important piece of advice here : if you’re aiming to get straight to the Motherland Monument, don’t go through the Lavra. Trying to reach her as the crow flies is just the wrong way to go, as I had already found on my first day in Kyiv.

And speaking of crows, there are literally thousands of them perching on the trees surrounding the Lavra : Their sight is mesmerising, although I should have listened to their ominous cawing and changed direction earlier. Instead, I ended up spending an inordinate amount of time trying to grind my way through the monasteries without result. The many nooks and crannies, steep slopes and dead ends had me hopelessly lost, stuck in a cemetery next to its wall without a visible through exit to the Mother. But at least I got sight of her in the distance.

So I was better prepared on that Sunday morning, and quickly powered my way past the churches, toward the entrance to the War Museum. If you’re a World War 2 buff like I am, the open air exhibits are immensely satisfying. Immediately past the Lavra, the open spaces on either side of the grand pathway toward its main entrance are lined with all sorts of equipment : tanks, warplanes, artillery, even a mobile ICBM launcher. It hurts me to have to rush past this uniquely interesting collection of materiel in a hurry, but I have to stick to my commitment – I am now aware that over an hour has already flown by.

But the curse of the crows had not worn out yet. Kyiv can become extremely foggy, especially in the early hours of the morning. It makes for intense atmosphere and great photography, but it also means that visibility is extremely low. You might have guessed it already : despite my best efforts, I found the Mother of Ukraine shrouded in thick fog. So thick, that not even the base of the statue was visible from the entrance of the museum she’s standing atop. All I could make was the blurry outline of her monumental proportions as she remained obscured into the cold, milky atmosphere. Taking into account my previous failed attempt, this was the second time we have been prevented from acquaintance. It’s was exasperating.

The Motherland Monument is perhaps the most enduring symbol of Kyiv. Made entirely of stainless steel, its usually seen glittering from afar on sunnier days. It remains as controversial as any other Soviet era monument in the Ukraine :  On its shield, the state emblem of the Soviet Union is still visible, stirring emotions. Its flame is apparently consuming an inordinate amount of natural gas, and these days it is usually found extinguished due to shortages – another stark reminder of Ukraine’s uneasy dependency on Russian natural resources.  Despite the indigestion surrounding it, the Motherland Monument has so far escaped the effects of Decommunisation. But it also carries certain redeeming qualities : Its sword has been shortened so it wouldn’t exceed the spires of Pechersk Lavra. Here I see yet another architectural clue related to height, of one authority succumbing to another. Interestingly, the face of the monument was modelled after Nina Danyleiko, an Ukrainian folk painter. This should be a welcome link to contemporary Ukrainian folk lore. I also notice that she is facing menacingly towards Moscow. Can such new symbolism be allowed to steer the statue’s powerful imagery away from the negative connotations it invokes?  In this thick fog, I am able to imagine the unthinkable : how the hill might look without the statue. It feels empty, incomplete. Incidentally, this is what Soviet sculptor Yevgeni Vuchetich thought before he proposed a statue of his making to be erected on this location. Vuchetich was also the creative force behind The Motherland Calls monument at the Mamaev Kurgan memorial in Stalingrad. My thoughts are going full circle. This is too much complexity to unravel for such an early hour of the morning, and I’m out of time. I bid the Mother farewell, and take my leave.

Outside the Museum of the History of Ukraine during WW2

Despite my disappointment over this part-failed interaction, not everything is lost. The cavernous main entrance to the War Museum is a satisfying combination of well poured concrete and Socialist Realist reliefs portraying the Red Army in combat. The piece closest to the museum stands out : a evocative statue of troops crossing the Dnieper to liberate Kyiv in 1943. The lingering fog adds volumes to the heroic character of this ensemble, bringing it to life : There’s already an inherent fluidity in the sculpture, and looking at it through the blur, the bodies, limbs and firearms of the soldiers appear to be in motion, rendered in epic proportion. It is a visceral scene, engaging the viewer at a primal level. Its so alive, to the point it emanates presence, and  therefore its very existence elicits disapproval among locals. The daily encounter with powerful Soviet art still stimulates a fight or flight response to the trauma, or danger it can be considered to represent for Ukrainians today.

My thoughts are arrested as I am gripped by frost, and time is running out. I hop on a taxi to rush towards my next stop

The Flying Saucer

I find it hard to explain where I want to go to the taxi driver : He’s not aware of an Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, or even a flying saucer for that matter. He remains puzzled, until I concede the name of the newly erected mall next to it. It is a sign of the changing times : an impressively Modernist cultural centre overshadowed by a non-descript temple of consumerism in the collective short term memory of those who claim the knowledge of the city.

The Institute has an interesting back story. It was conceived by Florian Yuryev, a controversial Ukrainian interdisciplinary painter, composer and architect. In the mid 50’s, Yuryev developed a new art theory revolving around the phenomenon of Synesthesia, in particular about the sensory perception of sound through colours. To that end, he created an experimental light and music orchestra, and imagined a suitable auditorium equipped with a system of light and sound transmission for the realisation of his art project. This experimental space is known today as Kyiv’s Flying Saucer.

The auditorium, as well as its ancillary Modernist tower were built collaboratively by  F. Yuryev and L. Novikov in the 70’s. I am not certain as to the point when the ensemble was named The Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, but rumour has it that the KGB sponsored its construction, allowing Yuryev to deploy his futuristic design. Could they see a potential military or intelligence application in his art project? Its difficult to tell, although I like this theory. It is known that the auditorium was eventually used as the Institute’s cinema and lecture hall, which means that the original Synesthesia project might have expired, or maybe axed by the powers that be at some point. As the cranes of yet another shopping mall rise ominously behind it, the now boarded up Institute awaits its new fate. It said that it may be turned into one of the malls entrances, even demolished. It would be a harrowing fate for the site of such an ambitious and futuristic project.

The Memory Park and Crematorium

A stream of early Sunday shoppers are crowding the mall already. They appear somewhat indifferent to the Flying Saucer, and more intent to the discount shopping opportunities on offer. I  hardly have one hour left, and I feel like lamenting this impending loss. I hop on another taxi and make my way to the nearby Memory Park, inside Kyiv’s main cemetery. It is yet another complex space, and the result of a precarious balance between the (familiar by now) architect Avram Miletsky, and the artists Ada Rybachuk and Vladimir Melnichenko.  Although Miletsky is usually credited with the photogenic Crematorium masterpiece atop the Balkova Hill, it was Rybachuk and Melnichenko who were involved in conceptualising the space as a landscaped Memory Park, including features like the Wall of Memory, a now defunct relief aiming to soothe mourners through the use of a visual art narrative. The Wall of Memory took almost 10 years to accomplish, but was concreted over in 1982 at the orders of the Communist Party leadership.  I am not aware of the reasons, but can’t help thinking that this is a great excuse for today’s government to do their utmost to uncover it. I notice the massive head of a statue protruding through the concrete shroud : I’ve never hoped for cement to be so brittle as in the case of the Wall of Memory.

Cremation as a funerary solution was not a popular concept in post-war Ukraine. With memories of the horrific massacres at nearby Babi Yar still vivid, public opinion had been apprehensive towards the idea of creating a place for the ceremonial incineration of bodies in Kyiv. This must have been an emotional journey for Avram Miletsky too, a man of Jewish heritage. I can witness a tidal wave of this emotion in the flowing shapes of his Crematorium, built in the mid 70’s. It is a poignant building designed to provide visual succour, and I discover it to almost be like a gateway to another, better world. When seen contextually within the greater Memory Park and Wall of Memory concept, the entire ensemble functions as a space for healing and contemplation, something like a departure station to a mystical final destination. This reminds me that Miletsky, Rybachuk and Melnichenko were actually involved in the building of another modernist departure terminal before : the Kyiv Central Bus Station which is very close to the cemetery.

But It is with regret that I realise that I have ran out of time : my 3 hours are up, and I won’t have the time to visit the Central Bus Terminal. My last stop is Kyiv’s central Sophia Square, dominated by the historic Cathedral of Saint Sophia, and the statue of the Cossack Hetman (Chief) Bohdan Khmelnitsky from 1888. I take a few moments to think about the important context of this space : It is one of the oldest parts of Kyiv, with significant connections to Ukrainian heritage and independence, not least the monument of Khmelnitsky, the creator of the first independent Ukrainian Cossack state, and for many the founding father of Ukraine. Despite its direct links with Ukrainian national identity, this is a statue whose existence had once been encouraged by the Czar of Russia, funded by Russian public subscription, and cast at a foundry in St.Petersburg. And despite its nationalist character, the statue seems to have survived Soviet times : Khmelnitsky had sponsored the eventual union of his Hetmanate with Imperial Russia, so that might have been an excuse for its preservation. Can similar excuses still be made in the course of preserving Kyiv’s significant ex-Soviet heritage? I think there is space for that, and even offered some perspective on how this might happen. The fog becomes Kyiv, but I have great expectations for much clearer skies next time I visit.

All photos in this article : © explorabilia, unless stated otherwise

Heartfelt thanks to Architectuul for their permission to use the photo of the Terrace at Kyiv’s Palace of Pioneers, and for being an excellent source for primary information about monuments in Kyiv

Special thanks to Marina Panagopoulos for her modelling, and Alex Moore for his keen eye for photography, and for their company,  patience and endurance in freezing weather while I was connecting to inanimate objects around Kyiv